Teratogen Psychological Effect on Fetal Development

1 The course of pregnancy is both very rewarding and challenging. The end result is a beautiful creation and enjoinment of two people. The fragile aspect of newborn life is not the first time a mother faces protecting the child. The beginning of a successful foundation for life starts the second a women becomes pregnant. Prenatally, many different toxins can create issues surrounding the physical and mental development of a baby. Some of the toxins are very obvious, where many fly under the radar. The toxins a pregnant woman takes in may cause issues with the development of a child. Awareness about the possibility of teratogens causing development issues is needed to ensure a safe, normal, and sociable future for the children. When†¦show more content†¦Fetal alcohol Syndrome is one of the most prevalent disorders known to cause mental and development problems in babies whose mothers drink excessively during pregnancy. The use of excessive alcohol during pregnancy is t he sole cause of FAS. A less severe form of FAS is Fetal Alcohol Effects. FAE is when alcohol is moderately used during pregnancy. The effects are usually not as bad, but still have an effect on the baby’s development. Since the consumption of alcohol is the responsible factor for the defects and psychological issues, not drinking ensures a child will not get the syndrome. The total preventability of FAS makes it hard to believe that children still get the syndrome. But, with that said, women who are alcoholics are sick themselves and stopping because they know it will corrupt the development of their babies is not sometimes enough. The dangerousness of consuming alcohol during pregnancy starts in the early stage of development. When the mother drinks excessively during the organ developmental stage, the physical malformation especially in facial features begins. FAS children have very noticeable facial features that are directly related to the alcohol. The period of time when a mother drinks excessively can also affect the central nervous system that causes the neurological and mental problems. Central nervous systemShow MoreRelatedNature Nurture Debate922 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience. Nevertheless, this extreme way of thinking is now long outdated, and it is clear that both nature and nurture have great effect on our intellectual development. The question now lies in just how much impact each has on an individual. However, the specifics in this debate are often lacking in regard to the very important environmental variables. 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Porter s Five Forces Analysis - 2045 Words

TABLE 2: PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Threat of New Entrants Threat of Substitution Threat of new entrants is high, as the consumer preferences for the healthy menu is growing in the industry. The threat of substitution is moderate to high, based on the consumer choices of the brand. The economic factors and the target marketing strategies of the brands play important role in encouraging the threat of substitution. Competitive Rivalry The competitive rivalry is high due to the emergence of the number of competitors in the industry. Though, the regulations for the safety and health considerations have increased, but the presences of the broader customer markets have lowered the entry barriers. Bargaining Power of Buyers Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of the buyers (consumers) is high, based on the increasing number of the competitors, substitutes, and the fluctuations in the consumer behavior, preferences, and demands. The bargaining power of the suppliers is moderate in the fast food industry. In case of McDonald, the chain is having potential and loyal suppliers, and the wide distribution, based on franchised structure also supports the supplier businesses. MARKETING PLAN MARKETING OBJECTIVES To increase the global market share by 20%, within two years after the launch of the healthier food menu. To increase the profitability share by 30% within one year sale of the healthier food menu items. To increase the promotions by 20% forShow MoreRelatedPorter s Five Force Analysis1465 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Porter s five force analysis of Starbucks coffee shows the intensity of the five strengths of the firm, and the bases of these powers. Starbucks coffee s prosperity shows its viability in tending to these outside elements in its industrial surroundings. 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The easy will explain the reasons the already recommended tool will work best for global strategy, provide evidence to support the decision, refute the people who chose an additional tool rather than one of the tool selected, and provide a brief analysis of the market using those tools (Winters, 2015).

The Cardiovascular System

Question: How does structure Aid function of the human cardiovascular system? Answer: Introduction: Every living organism depends on interstitial fluid as a source of nutrients and oxygen and as a mode of disposal of waste materials. The blood plays a vital role in supplying oxygen to every organ of the body as well as carries away the waste materials from the organs. The continuous flow of blood is maintained by heart and it pumps the blood throughout a network of blood vessels. The human heart consists of four chambers that pump the blood to lungs in order to purify the deoxygenated blood and supplies oxygenated blood to the body (Nishikimi, 2011). The detail of the entire cardiovascular system is described below: 1. The structure and function of vascular system: There are three types of blood vessels in the human body and they are arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart towards the target organs and they eventually decrease their size forming capillaries to the organ and the deoxygenated blood from the organs are carried away to the heart by the veins. However, the largest artery in the body is aorta and the largest vein is vena cava. The circulatory system is known as closed system as the blood in enclosed in the heart or in blood vessels and always following through one direction, i.e., Heart (ventricles) - Arteries - Capillaries - Organ- Veins - Heart (atrium) Source: (Nishikimi, 2011) The arteries and veins are made up of three layers known as inner epithelial tissue, middle smooth muscle, and outer connective tissue. These layers provide elasticity and strength to the vessels. The walls of the arteries are thicker that of veins and the three layers help to withstand the high blood pressure coming from the heart. The artery wall expands when the blood passes through it and relaxes to spring back to prevent backflow; this is known as secondary circulation and reduces the load of heart. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood (Mizuguchi, 2010). The arteries get branched to networks known as capillaries and they have very large surface area but very thin walls with only one epithelial layer. The capillaries are narrow and the blood pressure is also slow down allowing the diffusion to take place in the organs. The deoxygenated blood is then carried away to the heart by the veins and its path is through the skeletal muscles were the blood flow is restricted by valves so that the blood flow could occur against the gravity. 2. The Structure and function of human heart: The heart is cone shaped situated within the sternum and tilted to the left. The walls of the heart are made up of three tissues, outer and inner epithelial and middle cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle respires aerobically and hence, ensures plenty of oxygen through coronary artery and consists of rich mitochondria. The heart is covered by a protective membrane known as pericardium that consists of pericardium fluid, which reduces the friction among the cardiac muscles (Fa-Po, 2015). Source: (Mizuguchi, 2010) The heart consists of four chambers, known as right atrium and right ventricle; and left atrium and left ventricle. The right side of the lungs receives deoxygenated blood from the body though the superior vena cava that brings blood from the head and arms and inferior vena cava from the rest of the body. The vena cava empties the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium when the heart relaxes and eventually when the heart contracts the right artrio-venticular (AV) valve opens and the blood moves from right atrium to the right ventricle. This value is known as tricuspid valve and makes the sound lub on closing and prevents the backflow of the blood when the heart relaxes as a result when the right ventricle contracts the pulmonary valve opens and the blood flows to the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary valve prevents the backflow of the blood and makes a sound dup (Fa-Po, 2015). The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and enters to the left atrium though the pulmonary vein that is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood. When the left atrium contract the blood flow to the left ventricle through the left AV valve known as bicuspid valve and it prevents the backflow of the blood. When the left ventricle contracts the blood flows to the aorta through the aortic valve that carries oxygenated blood throughout the body. When the blood enters aorta, its walls expands that helps to detect the pulse in the body (Kodani, 2015). 3. The Heartbeat: The heart rate is also known as pulse that is the number of times an individuals heart beats per minute. The heart beats depends on individual to individual from their body size, age and condition of heart and also whether the individual is moving, sitting or meditating in an even temperature. When an individual is resting the heart beat rate is between 60 and 80 times per minute. When an individual does vigorous exercise, heart beat rate increases due to the need of oxygen and glucose by the cells and also removal of generated carbon dioxide from the cells (Kodani, 2015). 4. The Cardiac Cycle: The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that takes place in one heart beat and the contraction of both atrium followed by the contraction of both ventricles. The heartbeat consists of two phase systole and diastole. The systole derives contraction and this occurs when the ventricles contract that closes the AV valve and simultaneously opens the semi lunar valve and eventually pumps the blood to the heart. The diastole derives relaxation and it occurs when the ventricles relax allowing the blood pressure to close the semi lunar valve and opening AV valve (Nademanee, 2010). Source: (Nademanee, 2010) The heart consists of a single muscle but it does not contract at once. The contraction spreads eventually throughout the heart by specialised cells known as Sino Atrial Node (SA node) present in the right atrium. These cells are also called natural pacemaker of the heart. The impulse of SA node spread through the right and left atrium causing both atriums to contract simultaneously (Mizuguchi, 2010). References: Fa-Po, C. (2015). Current and state of the art on the electrophysiologic characteristics and catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Kodani, E. (2015). Early detection of atrial fibrillation is the first step to prevent cardiogenic stroke: Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide, 65. Mizuguchi, Y. (2010). Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy brings deterioration of systolic longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial deformation in hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular pump function. Nademanee, K. (2010). Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by complex fractionated atrial electrogram mapping of atrial fibrillation substrate. Nishikimi, T. (2011). Current biochemistry, molecular biology, and clinical relevance of natriuretic peptides.

The Beginning of it All Essay Example For Students

The Beginning of it All Essay Middle school the place where you either have the best or worst memories of your teenage years and for me, they were nothing to cherish. My friends became my worst enemies, everything I did became a mistake, I also became a victim of bullying. Everything that I once considered to be my greatest traits became my biggest flaws. Before Middle School, I was often told not to let negativity or negative people rent space in my head but all of that changed when I confessed my feelings to â€Å"him. His name was Michael ________, he was blessed with the most beautiful dark brown complexion, his eyes, a light shade of brown, had an undefinable sparkle to them, and he had the perfect smile to go along with his tall stature. Everything about Michael was alluring to me and my determination to tell him how I felt was overwhelming. My plan was to write him a letter and have a friend take it to him because I was too shy to do it myself. This plan of mine ended up being a horrible mistake. â€Å"Today is the day†, I told myself as I walked onto Armstrong Middle Schools vast campus. We will write a custom essay on The Beginning of it All specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I had the letter in my hand, handwritten in my best cursive and enclosed in a tiny envelope that had â€Å"To Michael, From Jade† written on it. My good friend Jessica, whom I trusted to give to Michael and not to open, quickly swiped it out of my hand en route to complete the task at hand. As the day went on the anticipation of the outcome grew stronger and the little butterflies that I once kept quiet seemed to be fluttering around my stomach. As soon as the schools piercing dismissal bell rang I was the first one to the door, but when I walked out of class the atmosphere changed. â€Å"Thats her! , a few girls giggled as I walked past them. Completely unaware of who this â€Å"Her† was, I kept walking in search of my friend Jessica and anticipating good news. I spotted Jessica adjacent from the schools only flight of stairs and the look on her face made my heart dropped. â€Å"Im so sorry Jade, she said solemnly as she handed me the crumpled up piece of paper. Just when it seemed like things couldnt get any worse I opened the crumpled mess that I once treasured and noticed that he had written something in there. His words were cruel, they could have made the most confident person and secure person feel like a speck of dirt on the ground. It all hit me at once, my eyes swelled and my face glistened with freshly shed tears. That one bad day was the beginning of it all and worse was still to come. After that day rumors spread and the whole school looked at me the same way Michael did, ugly, pointing out all of my flaws. â€Å"Hurtful words are sharper than knives, they exceed the flesh and go right through the heart. † The embarrassment I had to endure for those two years still hides within me and every now and then I feel insecure and in doubt of my natural beauty. Till this day, the hurtful words of many of my peers still haunt me.